What's that Word? Dental Jargon from A to Z: O is for Occlusion

Occlusion is the manner in which upper (maxillary) and lower (mandibular) teeth contact and rest on one another when they are brought together to close the mouth or chew, commonly called bite.

Dynamic occlusion, or articulation, is the occlusion when there is jaw movement.  This includes when you are eating.  Static occlusion is occlusion when the jaw is closed and is not moving.

Dynamic Occlusion

Static Occlusion

When there is improper contact resulting in misalignment, it is called malocclusion.  Malocclusion is associated with a variety of problems.

Both genetic variation and environmental factors affect occlusion and can result in malocclusion, since bone structure and the size, shape, and location of teeth vary between people.  Tumors, impacted teeth, pacifier use, improperly fitted oral appliances, wear/abrasion, restorative treatments (such as braces, fillings, invisalign, and crowns), breathing though the mouth, biting on nails or other objects, thumb sucking, and injury can also lead to malocclusion.

As a person ages and develops, their occlusion may change.  Remember that many infants are born without teeth, baby teeth erupt and are gradually replaced by permanent teeth.  All teeth are subject to wear and infection.  People may also have supernumerary (more than a normal number of) teeth, may be missing teeth, or may have large, small, or loose teeth, which may lead to malocclusion.

Malocclusion should be treated by a dentist.  A dentist will be able to evaluate a patient and check for malocclusion.

What's that Word? Dental Jargon from A to Z: D is for Disclosing Tablets, Swabs, and Solution

Disclosing Tablets

Disclosing tablets, solution, and swabs have a dye which is often vegetable dye which stains plaque on the teeth a bright color.  They help patients improve their brushing habits by showing them areas where plaque has not been removed after brushing.  They are used with mirrors to facilitate self-examination.

Disclosing Swabs

Disclosing Swabs

Disclosing tablets, solution, and swabs are sold without a prescription because the vegetable dye is not harmful or painful to the patient.  Some are flavored to improve their taste.

Disclosing Solution and Tablets

It is important to regularly remove all plaque from the surface of the teeth because this accumulation of bacteria on the tooth's surface can build up and harden, becoming tartar/calculus which can only be removed by a dental professional.  Disclosing tablets, solution, and swabs help you see areas where plaque is not removed so it does not mineralize and form tartar/calculus.

After going through your general dental hygiene routine of brushing and flossing, you can use a disclosing product.

• Plaque Disclosing Tablet: Chew a tablet and swish your saliva around your mouth for approximately 30 seconds.  Spit it out.
• Plaque Disclosing Swab: Wipe tooth surfaces with the swab.
• Plaque Disclosing Solution: Swish the solution in your mouth for approximately 30 seconds.  Spit it out.

Pay attention to any instructions on the packet.

Check for the colorful dye, particularly near the gum line, near the surfaces where teeth touch, and behind the teeth, with a small mirror.

If there are stained areas, remove the stained plaque by brushing and flossing.  Note these areas and make sure that you pay attention to them the next time you clean your teeth.  You may wish to use these products several times until you have no stained areas.

This technique is particularly helpful for children or adults who who are learning how to brush/floss or wish to  verify that they are using proper oral hygiene habits.

These products may stain clothing.  They may also stain the mouth for several hours so it is advisable to use them at night.  If you use a dental mirror, run it under warm water to prevent it fogging up in your mouth.  Also, check the ingredients if you have any allergies.

What's that Word? Dental Jargon from A to Z: H is for Halitosis

Halitosis, a symptom of a variety of dental conditions, results in an undesirable odor when a person exhales.  It is also called bad breath.  This can lead to social anxiety and depression since bad breath is a social taboo in many communities.

Bad breath can be a result of eating foods with strong odors like onions and garlic.  Rinsing, brushing, flossing, and using a mouthwash can temporarily mask these odors.  Eating food without a strong odor can easily prevent bad breath if this is the cause.

Bad breath can also be the result of habits or health problems.  Failing to brush and floss regularly and effectively can leave bacteria in the tongue, gums, and teeth.  This can also occur if dental appliances, such as dentures and retainers, are not routinely cleaned thoroughly or do not fit correctly.  The use of tobacco products can also cause bad breath. 

Persistent bad breath can also be a symptom of periodontal (gum) disease, which is caused by plaque buildup on the teeth.  Xerostomia, dry mouth, can also cause bad breath because there is not enough saliva to clear the mouth of dead cells that build up on the tongue and neutralize acid buildup caused by bacteria in the mouth.  Yeast infections in the mouth, dental caries/cavities caused by tooth decay, and respiratory tract infections are among the wide variety of diseases that also cause bad breath.  Many medications can also lead to bad breath. 

If you are concerned about your breath, you should speak with your dental hygienist and dentist.  They may work with a periodontist, a dentist who specializes in the treatment of gums, or a doctor to treat your problem.  Dentists and dental hygienists can also recommend ways to prevent bad breath. 

What Steps Can You Take To Prevent Bad Breath?

1. Brush twice a day for two minutes with fluoridated toothpaste.  Make sure that you are brushing all surfaces of every tooth.  Also, brush your tongue. 
2. Floss your teeth twice a day by cupping each tooth with the floss. 
3. Replace your toothbrush every 3 months or after you are ill.
4. Rinse your mouth with water or an anti-bacterial mouthwash.
5. Clean dental appliances, like dentures and retainers, regularly and thoroughly.  Consult your dentist about which products and schedule work best for the particular product.  Clean them before putting them in your mouth if they have been removed.
6. See your dentist every 6 months for a checkup.  Talk to your dentist if you have any concerns.
7. Avoid tobacco products.  Consult your dentist and/or doctor to help you do this.
8. Drink adequate amounts of water each day to keep your mouth moist.  You can also chew sugarless gum with xylitol to increase saliva flow. 
9. Talk to your dentist about your diet and medications. 

NPR's Science Friday: Ask a Dentist - Dr. Mark Ryder and Dr. Mark Wolff

http://www.sciencefriday.com/segment/02/22/2013/ask-a-dentist-facts-to-sink-your-teeth-into.html

Brush DJ: Free Brushing App

What's that Word? Dental Jargon from A to Z: C is for Calculus & P is for Plaque, Periodontitis & G is for Gum Disease, Gingivitis

Dental plaque is a light yellow substance formed when bacteria in the mouth attach to teeth. 

Microorganisms that attach to their surface can remain in place for long periods of time. Approximately 1,000 species of bacteria can form biofilms on the teeth.  

Dental plaque can be easily removed during the early stages of its formation.  It is mineralized into tartar (also known as calculus) after approximately 10 days.  

Calculus is dark yellow hardened plaque which has hardened so it cannot be removed with a toothbrush.  It can only be removed with professional dental tools.

Plaque can contribute to tooth decay (cavity formation) and gum disease (gingivitis and periodontitis).  

What's that Word? Dental Jargon from A to Z: R is for Root Canal

The mere mention of the phrase root canal leaves many Americans quivering in fear.  It's the most stereotypically feared dental treatment.

Whether performed by a general dentist or an endodontist, a root canal is performed to remove infected tissue such as nerve tissues and blood vessels from the pulp of the tooth and seal it against future infections.  Files and irrigating solutions are used extensively in this process.

Rubber Dam

How is this done?  First, the dentist takes x-rays to identify infected areas. Then, the area is numbed and a rubber dam is placed on the tooth to keep it dry and bacteria-free. The rubber dam also prevents bacteria from the infected tooth from being transferred to other parts of the mouth. Afterwards, a hole is drilled into the tooth and bacteria is removed from the tooth. It is then cleaned with root canal files, which reach into the tooth and clean and scrape the sides of the root canals.  Sodium hypochlorite or water is then used to clear any debris.  To seal the tooth, it is filled and closed with a crown following the root canal.

The procedure normally takes approximately one hour.

Why is a root canal sometimes performed by an endodontist?

• Endodontists complete several years of focused additional studies following the completion of a four year program in general dentistry.  This enables them to diagnose and treat complex cases and teeth which have had a past root canal.  
• If your case requires an endodontist, your general dentist will refer you to one during your normal cleaning appointment.  Feel free to also consult ratings guides before choosing an endodontist.  

Fun Fact: We are not the only species that gets root canals.  

Hati the tiger, of the Miami Zoo, getting a root canal

Dental Art

Dentist Yu Qian of Beijing, China has created a sculpture from 28,000 teeth he has extracted.  Placed in the waiting room of his dental office, it stands over 8 feet tall.

 The purpose of this 15 year endeavor was to inspire patients to care for their teeth.

Artists have also used baby teeth, which contain stem cells, to create the Palaces tooth sculpture, a work that is meant to provoke discussion about stem cell research and body part donation.  The sculpture is currently on display in Liverpool, England.

What's that Word? Dental Jargon from A to Z: S is for Sensitivity

The portion of the tooth that is normally hidden by the gums are not covered by enamel.  When dentin is exposed, it can result in tooth sensitivity as a reaction to exposure to hot or cold foods and beverages.  

What can cause tooth sensitivity?

• Whitening products
• Brushing too hard
• Gingivitis
• Gum recession
• Tooth decay around the gum line
• Grinding
• Excess plaque
• Highly acidic food
• Dental treatments

What can I do to lessen its effects?

• Talk to your dentist and dental hygienist about identifying the cause of your sensitivity.
• Brush and floss twice daily
• Switch to a toothbrush with soft bristles and toothpaste for sensitive teeth
• Add a dental rinse with fluoride to your dental routine

What's that Word? Dental Jargon from A to Z: T is for Teeth

Let's get down to the basics. 

Why do we have teeth?
Teeth can be used for chewing food, defense, and hunting.  We mainly use them to break down food.

Fun Fact: Chewing is the first step in digestion.  The mechanical motion of chewing as well as the chemical ingredients of saliva, such as salivary amylase, an enzyme that breaks sugars down into starch, and bacteria.  

What are the parts of the tooth?

• Crown: the exposed portion of the tooth covered by enamel that sits above the gumline
• Root: portion of the tooth that secures it in place in the gum tissue and bone
• Enamel: hard covering of the crown that protects the dentine
• Dentine: living supportive part of tooth that has some nerves
• Pulp: tooth center which houses many nerves and blood vessels; part of the tooth that receives nourishment
• Cement: covers root and attaches tooth to the bones of the jaw

Since humans eat a mixture of meat and plant products, our teeth have incisors, canines, pre-molars, and molars.  Paleontologists can determine a skeleton or fossil's species and eating habits  by examining its teeth.

We are diphyodonts.  This means that we have two distinct sets of teeth.  The first set is known as deciduous, baby, milk, or primary teeth.  These teeth typically emerge during infancy and are replaced by permanent adult teeth.  We typically have 20 teeth as children and 32 as adults.

Fun Fact: Walrus tusks are actually canines!  These teeth grow continuously throughout the life of the walrus.

What's that Word? Dental Jargon from A to Z: V is for Veneer

Dental veneers are composite or porcelain layers that are overlain onto a tooth in order to improve the tooth's appearance.  They can lengthen and whiten teeth, making them appear straight, young, and healthy.  Veneers can result in dramatic dental transformations or the correction of the appearance of dark spaces following gum recession or the changes that result from a fractured or misaligned tooth.

Dentist Charles Pincus created the first veneers, which were used by actors to temporarily enhanced the appearance of their teeth.  They were secured using denture adhesive.  Now, they last for years and are more permanently attached to the enamel.

Now, both porcelain and composite materials are used to create veneers.  In choosing which compound to use, patients should evaluate the life of the material, the whiteness they wish to achieve, and how much dentition is lost by bonding the veneer.  Composite veneers can be fitted in a single visit to the dentist.  Porcelain veneers are more durable than composite veneers although they require the removal of less natural enamel.  They can last 10-15 years.  They also create a more natural look and are more stain-resistant.  Unfortunately, porcelain veneers can only be created in a dental lab, requiring multiple visits to the dentist.  They are more expensive because porcelain is a more expensive material and the process of putting porcelain veneers into the mouth is more time-consuming.

The use of veneers can result in the destruction of a significant amount of enamel so they are not recommended for young patients or patients with minor aesthetic concerns.